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Bouvet Island

Coordinates: 54°25′S 3°22′E / 54.42°S 03.36°E / -54.42; 03.36
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{{Infobox political division | name = Bouvet Island | native_name = | settlement_type = Dependent territory of Norway | image_map = Bouvet Island on the globe (Antarctica centered).svg | map_alt = Location of Bouvet Island (circled in red)

| map_caption =

Location of Bouvet Island (circled in red, in the Atlantic Ocean)

| mapsize = 290px | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Norway | established_title = Annexed by Norway | established_date = 23 January 1928 (1928-01-23) | established_title2 = Dependency status | established_date2 = 27 February 1930[1] | established_title3 = Nature reserve declared | established_date3 = 17 December 1971[2] | government_type = Dependency under a constitutional monarchy | leader_title1 = Monarch | leader_name1 = Harald V | leader_title2 = Administered by | leader_name2 = Ministry of Justice and Public Security | leader_title3 = Baron (de jure) | leader_name3 = Nils Olav III | area_km2 = 49 | area_label2 = Glaciated | area_data2 = 93% | elevation_max_m = 780 | population_estimate = 0 | iso_code = BV

| cctld =

{{Infobox protected area | name = Bouvetøya Nature Reserve | child = yes | iucn_category = Ia , Bouvetøya, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard were considered as locations for the new Norwegian International Ship Register, but the flag of convenience registry was ultimately established in Bergen, Norway, in 1987.[3]: 189  In 2007, the island was added to Norway's tentative list of nominations as a World Heritage Site as part of the transnational nomination of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[4]

Krill fishing in the Southern Ocean is subject to the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, which defines maximum catch quotas for a sustainable exploitation of Antarctic krill.[5] Surveys conducted in 2000 showed high concentration of krill around Bouvetøya. In 2004, Aker BioMarine was awarded a concession to fish krill, and additional quotas were awarded from 2008 for a total catch of 620,000 t (610,000 long tons; 680,000 short tons).[6] There is a controversy as to whether the fisheries are sustainable, particularly in relation to krill being important food for whales.[7] In 2009, Norway filed with the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend the outer limit of the continental shelf past 200 NM (230 mi; 370 km) surrounding the island.[8]

The expedition ship Hanse Explorer visited Bouvet Island on 20 and 21 February 2012 as part of "Expédition pour le Futur".[9] The expedition's goal was to land and climb the highest point on the island.[b]

Bouvet Island is assigned the amateur radio callsign prefix 3Y0,[10] and several amateur radio DX-peditions have been conducted to the island.[11][12][13][14]short due to bad and worsening weather conditions.[15][16]

Norvegia Station

[edit]
Norvegia Station
Antarctic base
Map
Coordinates: 54°24′25″S 3°17′16″E / 54.407052°S 3.287791°E / -54.407052; 3.287791
Country Norway
OperatorNorwegian Polar Institute
Established1927 (1927)
Population
 • Summer
6
 • Winter
0
UN/LOCODENO
Active timesEvery summer
StatusOperational
ActivitiesMeteorology
FacilitiesDorms and labs
Websitenpolar.no

Since the 1970s, the island has been visited frequently by Norwegian Antarctic expeditions. In 1977 a temporary five-man station and an automated weather station were constructed and staffed for two months in 1978 and 1979.[17]: 64 

In March 1985, a Norwegian expedition experienced sufficiently clear weather to allow the entire island to be photographed from the air, resulting in the first accurate map of the whole island, 247 years after its discovery.[17]: 59 

The Norwegian Polar Institute established a 36 m2 (390 sq ft) research station, made of shipping containers, at Nyrøysa in 1996. On 23 February 2006, the island experienced a magnitude 6.2 earthquake whose epicentre was about 100 km (62 mi) away,[18] weakening the station's foundation and causing it to be blown to sea during a winter storm.[19][20]

In December 2012, a new research station was sent by ship from Tromsø in Norway, via Cape Town, to Bouvet.[21]

The robust and technically advanced station was assembled in Nyrøysa, on the north-western part of the island, the only place wide enough to land by helicopter. The elevated station is formed by three modules placed on a steel platform fixed into a concrete base. It can accommodate six people for periods of 2–4 months, and it is designed and equipped to resist rough weather conditions. The energy is supplied by wind power, which makes it easier to operate the equipment during the long periods when the station is uninhabited. The base is equipped with an automatic meteorological station that sends data via satellite throughout the year.[22]

Geography and geology

[edit]
Map of Bouvet Island
Glacier on Bouvet Island's west coast

Bouvetøya is a volcanic island constituting the top of a shield volcano just off the Southwest Indian Ridge in the South Atlantic Ocean.[23] The island measures 9.5 by 7 km (5.9 by 4.3 mi) and covers an area of 49 km2 (19 sq mi),[24] including a number of small rocks and skerries and one sizable island, Larsøya.[25]

It is located in the Subantarctic, south of the Antarctic Convergence,[26] which, by some definitions, would place the island in the Southern Ocean.[27]

Bouvet Island is one of the most remote islands in the world.[28] The closest land is Queen Maud Land of Antarctica, which is 1,700 km (1,100 mi) to the south,[17]: 58  and Gough Island, 1,845 km (1,146 mi) to the north.[29] The closest inhabited location is Tristan da Cunha island, 2,250 km (1,400 mi) to the northwest.[24] To its west, the South Sandwich Islands lie about 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away, and to its east are the Prince Edward Islands, about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) away.[citation needed]

Nyrøysa is a 2 by 0.5 km (1.2 by 0.3 mi) terrace located on the north-west coast of the island. Created by a rock slide sometime between 1955 and 1957, it is the island's easiest access point.[17]: 59  It is the site of the automatic weather station.[30] The north-west corner is the peninsula of Cape Circoncision.[31] From there, east to Cape Valdivia, the coast is known as Morgenstiernekysten.[32]

Store Kari is an islet located 1.2 km (0.75 mi) east of the cape.[33] From Cape Valdivia, southeast to Cape Lollo, on the east side of the island, the coast is known as Victoria Terrasse.[34] From there to Cape Fie at the southeastern corner, the coast is known as Mowinckelkysten. Svartstranda is a section of black sand which runs 1.8 km (1.1 mi) along the section from Cape Meteor, south to Cape Fie.[35]

After rounding Cape Fie, the coast along the south side is known as Vogtkysten.[36] The westernmost part of it is the 300 m (980 ft) long shore of Sjøelefantstranda.[37]

Off Catoodden, on the south-western corner, lies Larsøya, the only island of any size off Bouvetøya.[25] The western coast from Catoodden north to Nyrøysa, is known as Esmarchkysten. Midway up the coast lies Norvegiaodden (Cape Norvegia)[38] and 0.5 km (0.31 mi) off it the skerries of Bennskjæra.[39]

Ninety-three percent of the island is covered by glaciers, giving it a domed shape.[17]: 59  The summit region of the island is Wilhelmplatået, slightly to the west of the island's centre.[40] The plateau is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) across[41] and surrounded by several peaks.[40] The tallest is Olavtoppen, 780 m (2,560 ft) above mean sea level (AMSL),[17]: 59  followed by Lykketoppen (766 m or 2,513 ft AMSL)[42] and Mosbytoppane (670 m or 2,200 ft AMSL).[43] Below Wilhelmplatået is the main caldera responsible for creating the island.[40] The last eruption took place circa 2000 BCE, producing a lava flow at Cape Meteor.[41] The volcano is presumed to be in a declining state.[40] The temperature 30 cm (12 in) below the surface is 25 °C (77 °F).[17]: 59 

The island's total coastline is 29.6 km (18.4 mi).[44] Landing on the island is very difficult, as it normally experiences high seas and features a steep coast.[17]: 59  During the winter, it is surrounded by pack ice.[24] The Bouvet triple junction is located 275 km (171 mi) west of Bouvet Island. It is a triple junction between the South American plate, the African plate and the Antarctic plate, and of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Southwest Indian Ridge and the American–Antarctic Ridge.[45]

A view of the west coast of Bouvet Island

Climate

[edit]

The island is located south of the Antarctic Convergence, giving it a marine Antarctic climate dominated by heavy clouds and fog. It experiences a mean temperature of −1 °C (30 °F),[17]: 59  with February average of 2 °C (36 °F) and August average of −4 °C (25 °F).[29] The monthly high mean temperatures fluctuate little through the year.[46] The peak temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) was recorded in March 1980, caused by intense sun radiation. Spot temperatures as high as 20 °C (68 °F) have been recorded in sunny weather on rock faces.[17]: 59  The island predominantly experiences a weak west wind.[29]

Climate data for Bouvet Island
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		3.8
(38.8) 		5.9
(42.6) 		7.3
(45.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		10.6
(51.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		3.3
(37.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		0.5
(32.9) 		1.8
(35.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		1.4
(34.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		2.0
(35.6) 		1.5
(34.7) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−0.7
(30.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−2.7
(27.1)
Record low °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−10.2
(13.6) 		−14.8
(5.4) 		−15
(5) 		−18.7
(−1.7) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−18.7
(−1.7)
Source 1: Météo climat stats (Norvege)[47]
Source 2: Météo Climat stats (Isl. Bouvet)[48]

Nature

[edit]
NASA image of Bouvet Island from space

The harsh climate and ice-bound terrain limits non-animal life to fungi (ascomycetes including symbiotic lichens) and non-vascular plants (mosses and liverworts). The flora are representative for the maritime Antarctic and are phytogeographically similar to those of the South Sandwich Islands and South Shetland Islands. Vegetation is limited because of the ice cover, although snow algae are recorded. The remaining vegetation is located in snow-free areas such as nunatak ridges and other parts of the summit plateau, the coastal cliffs, capes and beaches. At Nyrøysa, five species of moss, six ascomycetes (including five lichens), and twenty algae have been recorded. Most snow-free areas are so steep and subject to frequent avalanches that only crustose lichens and algal formations are sustainable. There are six endemic ascomycetes, three of which are lichenized.[30]

Cape Valdivia, the northernmost point of Bouvet Island, in 2009

The island has been designated as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding ground for seabirds. In 1978–1979 there were an estimated 117,000 breeding penguins on the island, consisting of macaroni penguin and, to a lesser extent, chinstrap penguin and Adélie penguin, although these were only estimated to be 62,000 in 1989–1990. Nyrøysa is the most important colony for penguins, supplemented by Posadowskybreen, Kapp Circoncision, Norvegiaodden and across from Larsøya. Southern fulmar is by far the most common non-penguin bird with 100,000 individuals. Other breeding seabirds consist of Cape petrel, Antarctic prion, Wilson's storm petrel, black-bellied storm petrel, subantarctic skua, southern giant petrel, snow petrel, slender-billed prion and Antarctic tern. Kelp gull is thought to have bred on the island earlier. Non-breeding birds which can be found on the island include the king penguin, wandering albatross, black-browed albatross, Campbell albatross, Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross, sooty albatross, light-mantled albatross, northern giant petrel, Antarctic petrel, blue petrel, soft-plumaged petrel, Kerguelen petrel, white-headed petrel, fairy prion, white-chinned petrel, great shearwater, common diving petrel, south polar skua and parasitic jaeger.[30]

The only non-bird vertebrates on the island are seals, specifically the southern elephant seal and Antarctic fur seal, which breed on the island. In 1998–1999, there were 88 elephant seal pups and 13,000 fur seal pups at Nyrøysa. Southern right whale, humpback whale, fin whale, southern right whale dolphin, hourglass dolphin, and orca are seen in the surrounding waters.[49][30][50][51]

Politics and government

[edit]
Image courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center

Bouvetøya is one of three dependencies of Norway.[52] Unlike Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land, which are subject to the Antarctic Treaty System,[17]: 65  Bouvetøya is not disputed.[44] The dependency status entails that the island is not part of the Kingdom of Norway, but is still under Norwegian sovereignty. This implies that the island can be ceded without violating the first article of the Constitution of Norway.[52] Norwegian administration of the island is handled by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police, located in Oslo.[53]

The annexation of the island is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933. It establishes that Norwegian criminal law, private law and procedural law apply to the island, in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid on the island. It further establishes that all land belongs to the state, and prohibits the storage and detonation of nuclear products.[1]

Bouvet Island has been designated with the ISO 3166-2 code BV[54] and was subsequently awarded the country code top-level domain .bv on 21 August 1997.[55] The domain is managed by Norid but is not in use.[56]

The exclusive economic zone surrounding the island covers an area of 441,163 km2 (170,334 sq mi).[57] Monitoring of compliance with resource laws and regulations is carried out through the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) which includes 27 member states, including Norway. Utilizing an intelligence-sharing approach, vessels that may have participated in illegal, unregulated or unreported fishing are subject to blacklisting and potential enforcement measures by member states and through INTERPOL.[58]

A king penguin in Edinburgh Zoo named Maj. Gen. Sir Nils Olav, Baron of the Bouvet Islands

A king penguin in Edinburgh Zoo, Major General Sir Nils Olav III, carries the title Baron of the Bouvet Islands.[59]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The internet domain suffix .bv is allocated to Bouvetøya, but has never been used.
  2. ^ The first four climbers (Aaron Halstead, Will Allen, Bruno Rodi and Jason Rodi) were the first humans to climb the highest peak. A time capsule containing the top visions of the future for 2062 was left behind. The next morning, Aaron Halstead led five other climbers (Sarto Blouin, Seth Sherman, Chakib Bouayed, Cindy Sampson, and Akos Hivekovics) to the top.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Lov om Bouvet-øya, Peter I's øy og Dronning Maud Land m.m. (bilandsloven)" (in Norwegian). Lovdata. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om fredning av Bouvetøya med tilliggende territorialfarvann som naturreservat" (in Norwegian). Lovdata. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  3. ^ Kyvik, Helga, ed. (2008). Norge i Antarktis (in Norwegian). Oslo: Schibsted Forlag. ISBN 978-8251625890.
  4. ^ "Islands of Jan Mayen and Bouvet as parts of a serial transnational nomination of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  5. ^ Schiermeier, Quirin (2 September 2010). "Ecologists fear Antarctic krill crisis". Nature. 467 (15): 15. doi:10.1038/467015a. PMID 20811427.
  6. ^ Molde, Eivind (2 March 2008). "Satsar på krill – eit nytt oljeeventyr". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  7. ^ Haram, Øyvind Andre (5 November 2007). "Norge tek maten frå kvalen". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  8. ^ Cordero-Moss, Giuditta. "The Law applicable to the Continental Shelf and in the Exclusive Economic Zone" (PDF). University of Oslo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  9. ^ a b "Making history summiting the most remote land on earth" (Press release). Expedition pour le Futur. 4 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  10. ^ "International Call Sign Series". ARRL – The National Association for Amateur Radio. The National Association for Amateur Radio. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
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  12. ^ "Bouvet Island 3Y5X". 1990. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  13. ^ Stan SQ8X (10 February 2008). "3Y0E is QRT". 3Y0E.wordpress.com. 3Y0E Bouvet Island December 2007 – February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Enderud, Einar; Pedersen, Kåre (August 1990). "The Club Bouvet 3Y5X Story". Radio Communication. pp. 12–13, 61. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
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  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barr, Susan (1987). Norway's Polar Territories. Oslo: Aschehoug. ISBN 8203156894.
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  30. ^ a b c d Hyser, Onno. "Bouvetøya" (PDF). BirdLife International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  31. ^ "Kapp Circoncision". Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  32. ^ "Kapp Valdivia". Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
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  35. ^ "Svartstranda". Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
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  39. ^ "Bennskjæra". Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
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  41. ^ a b "Bouvet". Global Volcanism Program. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  42. ^ "Lykke Peak". Geographic Names Information System. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  43. ^ "Mosby Peak". Geographic Names Information System. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  44. ^ a b "Bouvet Island". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  45. ^ Mitchell, Neil C.; Livermore, Roy A.; Fabretti, Paola; Carrara, Gabriela (2000). "The Bouvet triple junction, 20 to 10 Ma, and extensive transtensional deformation adjacent to the Bouvet and Conrad transforms" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 105 (B4): 8279–8296. Bibcode:2000JGR...105.8279M. doi:10.1029/1999JB900399. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  46. ^ Monthly averages for Bouvet Island. Climate Zone (Report). Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  47. ^ Moyennes 1981–2010 Norvege (Atlantique Sud) (Report) (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  48. ^ Météo Climat stats for Ile Bouvet (Report). Météo Climat. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  49. ^ Carroll, Emma L; Ott, Paulo H; McMillan, Louise F; Galletti Vernazzani, Bárbara; Neveceralova, Petra; Vermeulen, Els; Gaggiotti, Oscar E; Andriolo, Artur; Baker, C Scott; Bamford, Connor; Best, Peter; Cabrera, Elsa; Calderan, Susannah; Chirife, Andrea; Fewster, Rachel M; Flores, Paulo A C; Frasier, Timothy; Freitas, Thales R O; Groch, Karina; Hulva, Pavel; Kennedy, Amy; Leaper, Russell; Leslie, Matthew S; Moore, Michael; Oliveira, Larissa; Seger, Jon; Stepien, Emilie N; Valenzuela, Luciano O; Zerbini, Alexandre; Jackson, Jennifer A (20 May 2020). "Genetic Diversity and Connectivity of Southern Right Whales (Eubalaena australis) Found in the Brazil and Chile–Peru Wintering Grounds and the South Georgia (Islas Georgias del Sur) Feeding Ground". Journal of Heredity. 111 (3): 263–276. doi:10.1093/jhered/esaa010. PMC 7238439. PMID 32347944 – via Silverchair.
  50. ^ "Whales". artiolaphotographer.
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  52. ^ a b Gisle, Jon, ed. (1999). Jusleksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 38. ISBN 8257308625.
  53. ^ "Polar Affairs Department". Norwegian Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  54. ^ Takle, Mona Takle; Vassenden, Kåre (March 1998). "Country classifications in migration statistics – present situation and proposals for a Eurostat standard" (PDF). United Nations Statistical Commission and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  55. ^ "Delegation Record for .BV". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 13 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  56. ^ "The .bv and .sj top level domains". Norid. 3 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  57. ^ "EEZ Waters of Bouvet Isl. (Norway)". University of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
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  59. ^ "A Guard of Honour for Sir Nils Olav – the most famous king penguin in the world". Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo. Retrieved 30 May 2024.

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[edit]

54°25′S 3°22′E / 54.42°S 03.36°E / -54.42; 03.36

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